{
  "meta": {
    "title": "The legal record",
    "description": "The findings themselves, counted and dated. Compiled from §15.8 of the report (the consolidated roster of genocide determinations) and from the court record in Parts VI and XV.",
    "compiled": "2026-09-11"
  },
  "classes": [
    { "id": "court", "label": "Courts", "colour": "rgb(210,83,76)", "blurb": "Binding orders and warrants, and advisory opinions on the law." },
    { "id": "un", "label": "UN bodies and mechanisms", "colour": "rgb(86,168,224)", "blurb": "The UN's own investigative machinery, acting under mandate." },
    { "id": "scholar", "label": "Genocide scholarship", "colour": "rgb(217,164,65)", "blurb": "The academic field that defines and studies the crime." },
    { "id": "ngo", "label": "Human-rights organisations", "colour": "rgb(142,180,120)", "blurb": "International, Israeli and Palestinian field documentation." },
    { "id": "faith", "label": "Faith, medical and humanitarian", "colour": "rgb(170,140,205)", "blurb": "Institutions with staff on the ground, and Jewish organisations." }
  ],
  "determinations": [
    { "body": "International Court of Justice", "class": "court", "date": "26 Jan 2024", "sort": "2024-01-26", "finding": "Plausible risk of genocide; binding provisional measures", "note": "South Africa v Israel. Provisional measures ordered under Article 41 of the Statute, strengthened on 28 March and 24 May 2024. The plausibility threshold is low by design — it is the trigger for every state party's duty to prevent, not a merits judgment.", "ref": "Part VI" },
    { "body": "International Court of Justice", "class": "court", "date": "19 Jul 2024", "sort": "2024-07-19", "finding": "The occupation is unlawful in its entirety", "note": "Advisory opinion, adopted 14 votes to 1. Israel is obliged to end its unlawful presence as rapidly as possible, cease all settlement activity, evacuate all settlers and make reparation; all UN member states are under a duty not to recognise the situation as lawful and not to aid in maintaining it.", "ref": "Part XV" },
    { "body": "International Criminal Court", "class": "court", "date": "21 Nov 2024", "sort": "2024-11-21", "finding": "Arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant", "note": "Pre-Trial Chamber I found reasonable grounds to believe both bear criminal responsibility for starvation as a method of warfare and for crimes against humanity. Warrants were also issued in respect of Hamas commanders.", "ref": "Part XV" },
    { "body": "UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices", "class": "un", "date": "Nov 2024", "sort": "2024-11-14", "finding": "Findings consistent with genocide", "note": "The standing UN committee established in 1968 to monitor Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the Palestinian people.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "UN Special Rapporteur on the OPT (Francesca Albanese)", "class": "un", "date": "2024", "sort": "2024-03-26", "finding": "“Anatomy of a Genocide”", "note": "Report to the Human Rights Council finding reasonable grounds to believe the threshold for genocide had been met.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the OPT", "class": "un", "date": "16 Sep 2025", "sort": "2025-09-16", "finding": "Affirmative finding that genocide has been committed", "note": "Chaired by Navi Pillay, on full evidentiary review under the Genocide Convention. The Commission also found that President Herzog, Prime Minister Netanyahu and former Defence Minister Gallant committed direct and public incitement to genocide.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the OPT", "class": "un", "date": "23 Jun 2026", "sort": "2026-06-23", "finding": "The killing of Palestinian children is itself a genocidal act", "note": "The reconstituted Commission, chaired by Srinivasan Muralidhar, found the deliberate targeting and killing of Palestinian children to be a genocidal act evidencing intent “to destroy the larger Palestinian group in Gaza”.", "ref": "§10.7" },
    { "body": "International Association of Genocide Scholars", "class": "scholar", "date": "1 Sep 2025", "sort": "2025-09-01", "finding": "Resolution: the conduct meets the definition of genocide", "note": "The foremost academic body in the field, whose members have studied the Holocaust, Rwanda, Cambodia and Bosnia. Carried by 86% of members voting. No comparable body of genocide scholars has reached a contrary conclusion.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Genocide Watch (Gregory Stanton)", "class": "scholar", "date": "Jul 2026", "sort": "2026-07-15", "finding": "Gaza at Stages 8, 9 and 10 simultaneously", "note": "Persecution, Extermination and Denial at once, on the Ten Stages framework Stanton originated.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention", "class": "scholar", "date": "ongoing", "sort": "2025-01-01", "finding": "Repeated active genocide alerts, Gaza and the West Bank", "note": "Named for Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term. Also issued a Red Flag Alert on Israel in Lebanon, March 2026.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Amnesty International", "class": "ngo", "date": "Dec 2024", "sort": "2024-12-05", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "“You Feel Like You Are Subhuman” — a full evidentiary report applying the Convention.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Human Rights Watch", "class": "ngo", "date": "Dec 2024", "sort": "2024-12-19", "finding": "Acts of genocide; extermination", "note": "Found the deliberate deprivation of water to constitute an act of genocide, and the wider conduct to constitute extermination as a crime against humanity.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "B'Tselem", "class": "ngo", "date": "Jul 2025", "sort": "2025-07-28", "finding": "“Our Genocide”", "note": "The leading Israeli human-rights organisation, naming its own state's conduct. An admission against interest in the strict evidentiary sense.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Physicians for Human Rights–Israel", "class": "ngo", "date": "Jul 2025", "sort": "2025-07-28", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "An Israeli medical body, reporting on the systematic destruction of the health system.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-01", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "A federation of 188 national human-rights organisations.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-02", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Field documentation from inside Gaza throughout the war.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-03", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Litigation-focused; has brought arms-export cases in European jurisdictions.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Al-Haq", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-04", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "The oldest Palestinian human-rights organisation, founded 1979; designated a terrorist organisation by Israel in 2021, a designation European states examined and declined to accept.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Al Mezan Center for Human Rights", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-05", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Gaza-based, documenting from within the territory under bombardment.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Palestinian Centre for Human Rights", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-06", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Gaza-based; its casualty documentation is among the sources used to corroborate Ministry of Health figures.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Defence for Children International–Palestine", "class": "ngo", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-07", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Child-specific documentation, including of military detention and of children killed.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Médecins Sans Frontières", "class": "faith", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-08", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "A medical organisation with staff inside Gaza for the duration; several of its own staff were killed.", "ref": "§6.1" },
    { "body": "World Council of Churches", "class": "faith", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-09", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "Representing some 350 member churches across more than 110 countries.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Oxfam International", "class": "faith", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-10", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "A humanitarian confederation operating in Gaza; later among the 37 international NGOs banned by Israel in December 2025.", "ref": "§15.8" },
    { "body": "Jewish Voice for Peace", "class": "faith", "date": "—", "sort": "2025-06-11", "finding": "Genocide", "note": "A Jewish-American organisation — the determination crosses the very community in whose name impunity is most often claimed.", "ref": "§15.8" }
  ],
  "recognition": {
    "title": "Recognition of the State of Palestine",
    "source": "Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs list of recognitions and the UN documents underlying each entry, compiled as at 12 September 2026; the 2011 count as given by the Palestinian UN ambassador Riyad Mansour, the 2012 figure from UNGA Resolution 67/19.",
    "ref": "§15.4",
    "note": "Documented waypoints, not a continuous series. Contemporaneous counts for the late 1980s and early 1990s conflict between sources, so only figures attributable to a named source on a named date are plotted.",
    "points": [
      { "date": "Nov 1988", "sort": "1988-11-15", "value": 80, "label": "Declaration of Independence", "note": "More than 80 states recognised the State of Palestine within weeks of the PLO's declaration in Algiers, overwhelmingly in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the socialist bloc. The floor figure is used here because contemporaneous counts differ." },
      { "date": "Jul 2011", "sort": "2011-07-01", "value": 122, "label": "Before the statehood bid", "note": "The figure given by the Palestinian UN ambassador Riyad Mansour, with the PLO publishing the list of 122 states, ahead of the September 2011 application for UN membership." },
      { "date": "Nov 2012", "sort": "2012-11-29", "value": 132, "label": "UNGA Resolution 67/19", "note": "Palestine recognised as a non-member observer state by 138 votes to 9 with 41 abstentions. The vote is not itself recognition by each voting state; the plotted figure is the recognition count, which the vote exceeded." },
      { "date": "Oct 2014", "sort": "2014-10-30", "value": 135, "label": "Sweden", "note": "The first Western European Union member state to recognise Palestine, breaking a bloc that had held since 1988." },
      { "date": "Jun 2024", "sort": "2024-06-04", "value": 146, "label": "Spain, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia", "note": "Recognition on 28 May 2024 by Spain, Ireland and Norway, followed by Slovenia on 4 June and Armenia on 21 June, alongside recognitions by the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados. Israel recalled its envoys." },
      { "date": "Apr 2025", "sort": "2025-04-10", "value": 147, "label": "Before the September wave", "note": "Roughly three-quarters of UN member states, plus the Holy See as an observer." },
      { "date": "Sep 2025", "sort": "2025-09-22", "value": 157, "label": "The UK, Canada, Australia, France and others", "note": "Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and Portugal on 21 September; France, Belgium and others on 22 September. Two of the five permanent members of the Security Council now recognise Palestinian statehood." }
    ],
    "now": { "recognise": 157, "total": 193, "g20_recognise": 14, "g20_total": 19, "holdouts": "The remaining 36 are predominantly the United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea and a number of Pacific and Caribbean states historically aligned with US foreign policy." }
  }
}