{
 "meta": {
  "title": "Contextual chronology",
  "description": "Events that fill the gaps between the entries in the report's own chronology (Appendix B). Appendix B records major crimes and massacres; these entries record the legal, political and institutional steps between them — the mandates, laws, plans, rulings and admissions that make the pattern legible. They are marked as context so the report's chronology remains distinguishable.",
  "compiled": "2026-09-12"
 },
 "items": [
  {
   "date": "3 Jan 1919",
   "year": 1919,
   "sort": "1919-01-03",
   "event": "Faisal–Weizmann Agreement signed, conditional on Arab independence",
   "note": "Faisal's handwritten reservation made the agreement void if Arab independence was not granted. It was not, and the agreement lapsed; it is nonetheless still cited as Arab consent."
  },
  {
   "date": "28 Aug 1919",
   "year": 1919,
   "sort": "1919-08-28",
   "event": "King–Crane Commission reports that the Zionist programme could be carried out only by force of arms",
   "note": "The American commission appointed by the Paris Peace Conference found that the non-Jewish population, then about 90% of Palestine, was emphatically against the programme, and that its realisation would require a military occupation. The report was suppressed until 1922."
  },
  {
   "date": "4–7 Apr 1920",
   "year": 1920,
   "sort": "1920-04-04",
   "event": "Nebi Musa riots in Jerusalem",
   "note": "The first mass communal violence of the Mandate period. The Palin Commission of Inquiry attributed Arab fears to the Balfour Declaration and to the belief that self-determination had been denied. Its report was never published."
  },
  {
   "date": "19–26 Apr 1920",
   "year": 1920,
   "sort": "1920-04-19",
   "event": "San Remo conference assigns Britain the Mandate for Palestine, incorporating the Balfour Declaration",
   "note": "A commitment made by one people to a second people over the land of a third was converted into an instrument of international law."
  },
  {
   "date": "1–7 May 1921",
   "year": 1921,
   "sort": "1921-05-01",
   "event": "Jaffa riots; the Haycraft Commission finds the cause is Arab fear of dispossession",
   "note": "47 Jews and 48 Arabs killed. The commission concluded that Arab hostility was not religious but arose from political and economic causes connected with Jewish immigration."
  },
  {
   "date": "3 Jun 1922",
   "year": 1922,
   "sort": "1922-06-03",
   "event": "Churchill White Paper affirms the Jewish national home while denying an intention to displace the Arab population",
   "note": "The first British attempt to reconcile two commitments that were not reconcilable on the ground."
  },
  {
   "date": "24 Jul 1922",
   "year": 1922,
   "sort": "1922-07-24",
   "event": "League of Nations approves the Mandate for Palestine",
   "note": "Article 2 obliged Britain to secure the establishment of the Jewish national home; the Arab majority is referred to only as the 'non-Jewish communities', and only its civil and religious — not political — rights are protected."
  },
  {
   "date": "Nov 1923",
   "year": 1923,
   "sort": "1923-11-01",
   "event": "Jabotinsky publishes 'The Iron Wall'",
   "note": "Argues that Zionist colonisation can proceed only behind an iron wall of force that the native population cannot break, because no people ever consents to its own displacement. Cited in the report as an accurate description of what followed."
  },
  {
   "date": "1925",
   "year": 1925,
   "sort": "1925-11-01",
   "event": "Brit Shalom founded in Jerusalem, arguing for a binational state",
   "note": "Founded at Arthur Ruppin's home after the 14th Zionist Congress; members included Martin Buber, Gershom Scholem, Hugo Bergmann, Hans Kohn and Henrietta Szold. It held that Palestine belonged to both peoples and that both were entitled to self-determination. Part of the Jewish dissent from political Zionism treated in §10 of the report; it disintegrated by mid-1936."
  },
  {
   "date": "Mar 1930",
   "year": 1930,
   "sort": "1930-03-31",
   "event": "Shaw Commission reports on the 1929 riots",
   "note": "Found the fundamental cause to be Arab landlessness and unemployment arising from Jewish land purchase and immigration."
  },
  {
   "date": "21 Oct 1930",
   "year": 1930,
   "sort": "1930-10-21",
   "event": "Hope Simpson report and the Passfield White Paper",
   "note": "Found that the cultivable land available could not support further large-scale settlement without displacing Arab cultivators. The White Paper's restrictions were reversed by the MacDonald Letter of February 1931 after Zionist political pressure in London."
  },
  {
   "date": "1931",
   "year": 1931,
   "sort": "1931-04-01",
   "event": "Irgun founded, splitting from the Haganah",
   "note": "The paramilitary organisation later designated a terrorist organisation by the British authorities; its commander from 1943 was Menachem Begin, later Prime Minister."
  },
  {
   "date": "25 Aug 1933",
   "year": 1933,
   "sort": "1933-08-25",
   "event": "Haavara (Transfer) Agreement signed with Nazi Germany",
   "note": "Enabled the emigration of German Jews to Palestine with part of their assets, and brought German goods into Palestine during the international boycott of Nazi Germany. Documented in the German Foreign Ministry archives; treated in §1.2A of the report."
  },
  {
   "date": "20 Nov 1935",
   "year": 1935,
   "sort": "1935-11-20",
   "event": "Izz ad-Din al-Qassam killed by British police near Ya'bad",
   "note": "His death precipitated the general strike and the Arab Revolt of 1936–39."
  },
  {
   "date": "19 Apr 1936",
   "year": 1936,
   "sort": "1936-04-19",
   "event": "Arab general strike begins; the Arab Revolt opens",
   "note": "The longest general strike in colonial history to that point, demanding an end to Jewish immigration and land transfers and the establishment of representative government."
  },
  {
   "date": "7 Jul 1937",
   "year": 1937,
   "sort": "1937-07-07",
   "event": "Peel Commission recommends partition and the 'transfer' of the Arab population",
   "note": "The first official proposal for the compulsory removal of some 225,000 Arabs from the proposed Jewish state. The word transfer enters the official record here."
  },
  {
   "date": "12 Jul 1937",
   "year": 1937,
   "sort": "1937-07-12",
   "event": "Ben-Gurion's diary: the compulsory transfer of Arabs 'could give us something we never had'",
   "note": "The Ben-Gurion Archives at Sde Boker. Reproduced in Appendix C and §1.3 of the report."
  },
  {
   "date": "1938",
   "year": 1938,
   "sort": "1938-06-01",
   "event": "Special Night Squads formed under Orde Wingate with Haganah members",
   "note": "British-trained joint units used in the suppression of the revolt. Moshe Dayan and Yigal Allon served in them; the methods were carried into 1948."
  },
  {
   "date": "17 May 1939",
   "year": 1939,
   "sort": "1939-05-17",
   "event": "British White Paper limits Jewish immigration and land purchase",
   "note": "Proposed an independent Palestine within ten years with an Arab majority. Rejected by the Zionist leadership; the Irgun and Lehi campaigns against British rule follow."
  },
  {
   "date": "28 Feb 1940",
   "year": 1940,
   "sort": "1940-02-28",
   "event": "Land Transfer Regulations restrict Jewish land purchase to 5% of Palestine",
   "note": "By 1947, after four decades of purchase, Jewish ownership stood at about 6–7% of the land; the 1947 partition plan nonetheless allotted 55% of the territory to the Jewish state."
  },
  {
   "date": "11 May 1942",
   "year": 1942,
   "sort": "1942-05-11",
   "event": "Biltmore Program demands a Jewish Commonwealth in the whole of Palestine",
   "note": "Adopted in New York; the movement's public abandonment of partition in favour of the whole territory."
  },
  {
   "date": "1945",
   "year": 1945,
   "sort": "1945-09-27",
   "event": "British Defence (Emergency) Regulations enacted",
   "note": "Administrative detention, house demolition, closure and deportation powers. Denounced at the time by Jewish jurists in Palestine as Nazi-like; retained by Israel after 1948 and still applied in the occupied territory today."
  },
  {
   "date": "29 Nov 1947",
   "year": 1947,
   "sort": "1947-11-29",
   "event": "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommends partition",
   "note": "Allotted 55% of the territory to a Jewish state whose population would have been 45% Arab, at a time when Jewish residents were about a third of the population and owned about 7% of the land."
  },
  {
   "date": "10 Mar 1948",
   "year": 1948,
   "sort": "1948-03-10",
   "event": "Plan Dalet adopted",
   "note": "The Haganah plan providing for the destruction of villages and the expulsion of their populations. Its execution began before the declaration of the state and before any Arab army entered Palestine."
  },
  {
   "date": "14 May 1948",
   "year": 1948,
   "sort": "1948-05-14",
   "event": "Declaration of the State of Israel",
   "note": "By this date roughly 300,000 Palestinians had already been displaced. The war with the Arab states began the following day."
  },
  {
   "date": "11 Dec 1948",
   "year": 1948,
   "sort": "1948-12-11",
   "event": "UN General Assembly Resolution 194 affirms the right of return",
   "note": "Resolved that refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date. Reaffirmed by the General Assembly annually since."
  },
  {
   "date": "11 May 1949",
   "year": 1949,
   "sort": "1949-05-11",
   "event": "Israel admitted to the United Nations",
   "note": "Resolution 273 recalls Israel's undertakings to implement Resolutions 181 and 194. Neither was implemented."
  },
  {
   "date": "14 Mar 1950",
   "year": 1950,
   "sort": "1950-03-14",
   "event": "Absentees' Property Law transfers refugee property to the state",
   "note": "The legal mechanism by which the land and homes of the displaced were expropriated, including from 'present absentees' who remained inside Israel."
  },
  {
   "date": "5 Jul 1950",
   "year": 1950,
   "sort": "1950-07-05",
   "event": "Law of Return grants every Jew worldwide the right to immigrate",
   "note": "Read with the Absentees' Property Law and the 1952 Citizenship Law, it is the pairing that B'Tselem and Amnesty cite as the foundation of the demographic regime."
  },
  {
   "date": "1953",
   "year": 1953,
   "sort": "1953-03-01",
   "event": "Land Acquisition Law retroactively legalises the seizure of Arab land",
   "note": "Completed the transfer of expropriated property; by the mid-1950s the state and the Jewish National Fund controlled the great majority of the land."
  },
  {
   "date": "1948–1966",
   "year": 1958,
   "sort": "1958-01-01",
   "event": "Military government over Palestinian citizens of Israel",
   "note": "Eighteen years of permits, curfews, closed areas and administrative detention applied to citizens on the basis of nationality. Abolished in November 1966, five months before the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza began."
  },
  {
   "date": "23 Oct 1965",
   "year": 1965,
   "sort": "1965-10-23",
   "event": "Israel's Supreme Court bars the Socialists' List from the Knesset election",
   "note": "EA 1/65 Yeredor. The Court upheld the exclusion of a list drawn from the banned al-Ard movement, although the Basic Law: The Knesset then contained no provision permitting it, on the reasoning that a purpose denying the state's existence is an unlawful purpose. The first judicial limit on the political rights of Palestinian citizens; Justice Haim Cohn dissented."
  },
  {
   "date": "Jul 1967",
   "year": 1967,
   "sort": "1967-07-01",
   "event": "Allon Plan sets the template for settlement of the occupied territory",
   "note": "Proposed retaining the Jordan Valley and a chain of settlements; the geography of Area C follows it closely."
  },
  {
   "date": "Sep 1967",
   "year": 1967,
   "sort": "1967-09-18",
   "event": "Theodor Meron advises the Israeli government that civilian settlement violates the Fourth Geneva Convention",
   "note": "The Foreign Ministry's own legal counsel, in a memorandum to the Prime Minister's office: 'civilian settlement in the administered territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention.' Settlement proceeded regardless. The strongest single admission in the settlement record."
  },
  {
   "date": "27 Sep 1967",
   "year": 1967,
   "sort": "1967-09-27",
   "event": "Kfar Etzion established — the first settlement in the occupied West Bank",
   "note": "Followed by more than 300 settlements and outposts and, by 2026, over 700,000 settlers."
  },
  {
   "date": "22 Nov 1967",
   "year": 1967,
   "sort": "1967-11-22",
   "event": "UN Security Council Resolution 242 emphasises the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war",
   "note": "The cornerstone of every subsequent negotiation, and the provision the ICJ relied on in its 2024 advisory opinion."
  },
  {
   "date": "21 Aug 1969",
   "year": 1969,
   "sort": "1969-08-21",
   "event": "Arson at Al-Aqsa Mosque; the Organisation of the Islamic Conference is founded in response",
   "note": "The fire, set by an Australian Christian acting alone on a millenarian conviction, destroyed Saladin's 12th-century minbar. UN Security Council Resolution 271 of 15 September 1969 condemned Israel's failure to observe earlier resolutions on Jerusalem; twenty-five states met at Rabat on 25 September and founded the OIC."
  },
  {
   "date": "Jul–Aug 1971",
   "year": 1971,
   "sort": "1971-07-01",
   "event": "Sharon's clearance operations in the Gaza refugee camps",
   "note": "Thousands of homes demolished to drive wide roads through the camps for military access; some 16,000 people displaced a second time."
  },
  {
   "date": "6–25 Oct 1973",
   "year": 1973,
   "sort": "1973-10-06",
   "event": "October War",
   "note": "Ended the post-1967 assumption that the territorial status quo was costless; it did not alter the status of the occupied territory."
  },
  {
   "date": "30 Mar 1976",
   "year": 1976,
   "sort": "1976-03-30",
   "event": "Land Day: six Palestinian citizens of Israel killed protesting land expropriation in the Galilee",
   "note": "The first general strike by Palestinian citizens of Israel, and the event that marked their emergence as a political community within the state."
  },
  {
   "date": "1977–1978",
   "year": 1977,
   "sort": "1977-10-01",
   "event": "Likud takes power; the Drobles Plan sets out settlement to prevent territorial contiguity",
   "note": "The World Zionist Organisation plan stated the aim of settling between and around Palestinian population centres so as to make a contiguous Palestinian territory impossible."
  },
  {
   "date": "26 Mar 1979",
   "year": 1979,
   "sort": "1979-03-26",
   "event": "Egypt–Israel peace treaty",
   "note": "Removed the strongest Arab military constraint on Israeli action in the occupied territory; the autonomy talks on the Palestinians led nowhere."
  },
  {
   "date": "30 Jul 1980",
   "year": 1980,
   "sort": "1980-07-30",
   "event": "Jerusalem Law annexes East Jerusalem",
   "note": "Declared null and void by UN Security Council Resolution 478 in August 1980; the annexation has never been recognised in international law."
  },
  {
   "date": "6 Jun 1982",
   "year": 1982,
   "sort": "1982-06-06",
   "event": "Invasion of Lebanon",
   "note": "An estimated 17,000–20,000 killed, the great majority civilians, during the invasion and the siege of Beirut."
  },
  {
   "date": "8 Feb 1983",
   "year": 1983,
   "sort": "1983-02-08",
   "event": "Kahan Commission finds Ariel Sharon personally responsible for Sabra and Shatila",
   "note": "Israel's own commission of inquiry found he bore personal responsibility for ignoring the danger of bloodshed. He resigned as Defence Minister and became Prime Minister eighteen years later."
  },
  {
   "date": "4 Aug 1985",
   "year": 1985,
   "sort": "1985-08-04",
   "event": "The 'iron fist' policy in the occupied territory",
   "note": "Under Defence Minister Yitzhak Rabin: administrative detention restored, deportations resumed on a large scale, and house demolition extended beyond cases of killing or wounding. The UN Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices recorded the escalation at the time. Rabin was quoted as saying the purpose was to make life so difficult that the population would leave. The First Intifada began two years later."
  },
  {
   "date": "Jan 1988",
   "year": 1988,
   "sort": "1988-01-19",
   "event": "The 'force, might and beatings' policy in the First Intifada",
   "note": "Defence Minister Yitzhak Rabin's instruction; some 1,000 Palestinians hospitalised with fractures in the first months, documented at the time by Israeli and international medical organisations."
  },
  {
   "date": "15 Nov 1988",
   "year": 1988,
   "sort": "1988-11-15",
   "event": "Palestinian Declaration of Independence accepts partition on the 1967 lines",
   "note": "The PLO's acceptance of a state on 22% of historic Palestine. Recognised within a year by more than 80 states."
  },
  {
   "date": "8 Oct 1990",
   "year": 1990,
   "sort": "1990-10-08",
   "event": "Al-Aqsa compound killings: 21 Palestinians shot dead",
   "note": "UN Security Council Resolution 672 condemned the killings; Israel refused entry to the Secretary-General's mission."
  },
  {
   "date": "13 Sep 1993",
   "year": 1993,
   "sort": "1993-09-13",
   "event": "Oslo I: Declaration of Principles signed in Washington",
   "note": "Deferred Jerusalem, refugees, settlements and borders to final-status talks that never concluded. The settler population roughly doubled during the Oslo years."
  },
  {
   "date": "28 Sep 1995",
   "year": 1995,
   "sort": "1995-09-28",
   "event": "Oslo II divides the West Bank into Areas A, B and C",
   "note": "Area C, some 60% of the West Bank and the location of nearly all its land reserves, remained under full Israeli control — an arrangement intended to last five years and still in force after thirty."
  },
  {
   "date": "4 Nov 1995",
   "year": 1995,
   "sort": "1995-11-04",
   "event": "Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Yigal Amir",
   "note": "Killed by an Israeli religious-nationalist opposed to the Oslo Accords, after a campaign of incitement in which Benjamin Netanyahu was a prominent figure."
  },
  {
   "date": "17 Jan 1997",
   "year": 1997,
   "sort": "1997-01-17",
   "event": "Hebron Protocol divides the city into H1 and H2",
   "note": "80% of Hebron transferred to the Palestinian Authority; the 20% containing the Old City, the Ibrahimi Mosque, four settlements and Shuhada Street kept under Israeli control, where some 7,000 Palestinians live alongside 500–800 settlers and about 1,500 soldiers. The Protocol required Shuhada Street to be reopened; it was fenced off entirely in 2002 and Palestinians remain barred from it. Smotrich announced the Protocol's cancellation in June 2026."
  },
  {
   "date": "23 Oct 1998",
   "year": 1998,
   "sort": "1998-10-23",
   "event": "Wye River Memorandum",
   "note": "A further redeployment agreement brokered at Wye Plantation; implementation was suspended by Israel two months later. The last of the Oslo-era agreements before the collapse at Camp David."
  },
  {
   "date": "11–25 Jul 2000",
   "year": 2000,
   "sort": "2000-07-11",
   "event": "Camp David summit collapses",
   "note": "The 'generous offer' narrative that followed is contradicted by the accounts of participants, including US negotiator Robert Malley and Israeli negotiator Shlomo Ben-Ami."
  },
  {
   "date": "Mar–Apr 2002",
   "year": 2002,
   "sort": "2002-03-29",
   "event": "Operation Defensive Shield: reoccupation of the West Bank cities",
   "note": "The Palestinian Authority's institutions were destroyed and Area A reoccupied; the arrangement of raids into Area A continues to this day."
  },
  {
   "date": "16 Jun 2002",
   "year": 2002,
   "sort": "2002-06-16",
   "event": "Construction of the separation wall begins",
   "note": "About 85% of its route runs inside the West Bank rather than on the Green Line, enclosing major settlement blocs. Ruled contrary to international law by the ICJ in 2004."
  },
  {
   "date": "Aug 2005",
   "year": 2005,
   "sort": "2005-08-15",
   "event": "Disengagement: settlers and soldiers withdrawn from inside Gaza",
   "note": "Israel retained control of Gaza's airspace, territorial waters, population registry and all but one crossing; the UN, the ICRC and the ICJ continue to treat Gaza as occupied territory."
  },
  {
   "date": "25 Jan 2006",
   "year": 2006,
   "sort": "2006-01-25",
   "event": "Hamas wins the Palestinian legislative elections",
   "note": "Monitored and certified as free and fair by international observers, including the Carter Center and the EU. Aid was suspended and the blockade followed."
  },
  {
   "date": "15 Sep 2009",
   "year": 2009,
   "sort": "2009-09-15",
   "event": "Goldstone Report documents the Dahiya Doctrine",
   "note": "The UN fact-finding mission on the 2008–09 Gaza conflict found evidence of war crimes and possible crimes against humanity, and recorded the deliberate application of disproportionate force against civilian infrastructure as doctrine."
  },
  {
   "date": "29 Nov 2012",
   "year": 2012,
   "sort": "2012-11-29",
   "event": "UN General Assembly recognises Palestine as a non-member observer state",
   "note": "138 votes in favour. The status that made accession to the Rome Statute possible."
  },
  {
   "date": "1 Apr 2015",
   "year": 2015,
   "sort": "2015-04-01",
   "event": "Palestine accedes to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court",
   "note": "The jurisdictional basis for the ICC investigation and for the arrest warrants of November 2024."
  },
  {
   "date": "23 Dec 2016",
   "year": 2016,
   "sort": "2016-12-23",
   "event": "UN Security Council Resolution 2334 declares the settlements a flagrant violation of international law",
   "note": "Adopted 14–0 with the United States abstaining — the only occasion in the period on which a settlement resolution was not vetoed."
  },
  {
   "date": "6 Dec 2017",
   "year": 2017,
   "sort": "2017-12-06",
   "event": "The United States recognises Jerusalem as Israel's capital",
   "note": "Condemned by the General Assembly 128–9. The embassy moved on 14 May 2018, the day Israeli forces killed some 60 Palestinians at the Gaza perimeter fence."
  },
  {
   "date": "18 Nov 2019",
   "year": 2019,
   "sort": "2019-11-18",
   "event": "The United States declares that settlements are 'not per se inconsistent with international law'",
   "note": "The Pompeo declaration reversed the 1978 Hansell opinion of the State Department's own legal adviser. It was reversed again in 2024, and the settlements' status in international law was unaffected throughout."
  },
  {
   "date": "15 Sep 2020",
   "year": 2020,
   "sort": "2020-09-15",
   "event": "Abraham Accords signed",
   "note": "Normalisation with the UAE and Bahrain, in exchange for the suspension rather than the abandonment of the West Bank annexation plan."
  },
  {
   "date": "3 Mar 2021",
   "year": 2021,
   "sort": "2021-03-03",
   "event": "ICC Prosecutor opens the investigation into the situation in Palestine",
   "note": "Covering conduct in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza since 13 June 2014."
  },
  {
   "date": "29 Dec 2022",
   "year": 2022,
   "sort": "2022-12-29",
   "event": "The most right-wing government in Israel's history takes office",
   "note": "Itamar Ben-Gvir at National Security and Bezalel Smotrich at Finance with authority over the Civil Administration in the West Bank. Its coalition agreement asserted an exclusive and inalienable Jewish right to all of the Land of Israel."
  },
  {
   "date": "2022",
   "year": 2022,
   "sort": "2022-12-31",
   "event": "2022 is the deadliest year for West Bank Palestinians since OCHA records began in 2005",
   "note": "155 killed, including 36 children (OCHA); B'Tselem counted 146 killed by Israeli forces, the largest number since 2004. The record stood for one year."
  },
  {
   "date": "26 Feb 2023",
   "year": 2023,
   "sort": "2023-02-26",
   "event": "Huwara: hundreds of settlers burn homes and cars; Smotrich says the village 'needs to be wiped out'",
   "note": "The IDF general commanding the West Bank called it a pogrom. Smotrich, the minister with authority over the Civil Administration, said the state should do the wiping out."
  },
  {
   "date": "3–5 Jul 2023",
   "year": 2023,
   "sort": "2023-07-03",
   "event": "Two-day assault on Jenin refugee camp",
   "note": "The largest West Bank operation since 2002: air strikes, bulldozed infrastructure and some 3,000 displaced, three months before the war."
  },
  {
   "date": "1 Jan – 6 Oct 2023",
   "year": 2023,
   "sort": "2023-10-06",
   "event": "208 Palestinians killed in the West Bank before 7 October, including 42 children",
   "note": "2023 was already the deadliest year on record in the West Bank before the war began (OCHA)."
  },
  {
   "date": "4 Aug 2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "sort": "2026-08-04",
   "event": "Employment Appeal Tribunal holds that an anti-Zionist belief is protected under the Equality Act 2010",
   "note": "University of Bristol v Dr David Miller [2026] EAT 84 (EA-2024-000324-RS). Eight of the university’s nine grounds of appeal were rejected, leaving standing the Bristol tribunal’s finding of 6 February 2024 that the belief satisfies the Grainger criteria under s. 10 and that the dismissal was direct discrimination under s. 13. The protection attaches to the bounded formulation Miller advanced, not to anti-Zionism at large."
  },
  {
   "date": "11 Sep 2026",
   "year": 2026,
   "sort": "2026-09-11",
   "event": "J50 Declaration: fifty-nine Jewish organisations across forty countries declare anti-Zionism antisemitic",
   "note": "Issued in Jerusalem on the eve of Rosh Hashanah 5787 by seven global and regional bodies and fifty-two national and community bodies, reaffirming the IHRA working definition without reproducing either of its two limiting clauses. Two signatories, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Jewish Leadership Council, are subject to the judgment delivered five weeks earlier."
  }
 ]
}